Raiyyan Tahsan

Raiyyan Tahsan
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ENT Case No 13.Throat Diseases.

1. Throat Symptoms:-

Sore throat (Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis) – Often due to infections (viral or bacterial).

Hoarseness (Dysphonia) – Can be due to laryngitis, vocal cord nodules, or laryngeal tumors.

Difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia) – Seen in GERD, infections, or tumors.

Painful swallowing (Odynophagia) – Often due to infections, ulcers, or esophageal disorders.

Chronic cough – Associated with postnasal drip, GERD, or chronic infections.

Globus sensation – Feeling of a lump in the throat, often due to anxiety, GERD, or muscle tension.

2.Throat & Oral Cavity Examination

a) Inspection of Oral Cavity & Pharynx

Use a tongue depressor and light source to examine the tongue, tonsils, uvula, and soft palate.

Check for tonsillitis, ulcers, oropharyngeal infections, or tumors.

b) Palpation of the Oral Cavity & Neck

Assess tongue mobility (hypoglossal nerve function).

Check for palpable neck masses or enlarged lymph nodes.

c) Gag Reflex Test

Tests cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus).

d) Laryngoscopy (Indirect or Flexible Laryngoscopy)

Used to assess vocal cords, larynx, and voice disorders (e.g., hoarseness, vocal

cord paralysis).

 Common Investigations in Otolaryngology

4. Laboratory Investigations:-

Complete Blood Count (CBC): To check for infection (elevated WBCs in bacterial infections).

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) & Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): To assess inflammation.

Throat Swab Culture & Sensitivity: For bacterial tonsillitis, diphtheria, or pharyngitis.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): For neck masses or lymphadenopathy.

GeneXpert or TB PCR: If tuberculosis of the lymph nodes is suspected.

2. Radiological Investigations:-

CT Scan (Contrast/Non-contrast)

Laryngoscopy (Indirect/Mirror or Direct): For voice disorders, vocal cord lesions, or laryngeal tumors.

  Commonly Used Drugs in Otolaryngology:-Throat.

1. Antibiotics (For Bacterial Infections)

  • Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin)
  • Tablet 1.Moxaclav 500 mg(500mg+125mg).(AS A (Amoxicilline+Clavulanic Acid)AS A Broad spectrum penicillins).

Dose: 625 mg TID (three times daily) or 1g BID (twice daily)

  • Cefuroxime (2nd Gen Cephalosporin):-
  • Tablet 1.Cefotil Plus 500mg (500mg+125mg).(AS A Cefuroxime Axetil +Clavulanic Acid),(AS A Second generation Cephalosporins, Vaccines, Anti-sera & Immunoglobulin).

Dose: 500 mg BID

  • Azithromycin (Macrolide, for Penicillin-Allergic Patients)
  • Tablet 1.Zimax 500 AS A Azithromycin Dihydrate AS A Macrolides.

Dose: 500 mg once daily for Day 1, then 250 mg daily for 4 more days

  • Ceftriaxone (Severe Infections, IV Use)

Dose: 1–2 g IV once daily

Injection 1.Ceftron Iv 500mg/vial (AS A Ceftriaxone Sodium AS A Third generation Cephalosporins.).

  • Metronidazole (For Anaerobic Infections, e.g., Peritonsillar Abscess)
  • Tablet 1.Metro 400 (AS A Metronidazole AS A Amoebicides, Anti-diarrhoeal Antiprotozoal).

Dose: 400 mg TID

2. Antihistamines & Decongestants :-

  • Loratadine (Non-Sedating Antihistamine)
  • Tablet 1.Loratin 10 mg (AS A Loratadine AS A Non-sedating antihistamines)

Dose: 10 mg once daily

OR

  • Cetirizine
  • Tablet 1.Alatrol 10 mg (AS A Cetirizine Hydrochloride AS A Sedating Anti-histamine.)

Dose: 10 mg once daily

3. Corticosteroids (For Inflammation & Allergic Conditions)

  • Prednisolone (Systemic Steroid)

Tablet 1.Cortan 20 mg (AS A Prednisolone AS A Glucocorticoids).

Dose: 40 mg once daily for 5 days, then taper

  • Dexamethasone (IV/Oral, Potent Steroid)

Tablet 1.Dexonex 0.5mg (AS A Dexamethasone AS A synthetic glucocorticoid).

Injection 2. Dexonex IM/IV 5mg/ml 1ml Ampoule (AS A Dexamethasone AS A synthetic glucocorticoid).

Dose: 4–8 mg once daily

4. Analgesics & Antipyretics (For Pain & Fever)

  • Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Tablet 1.Pyrenol 500 mg AS A Paracetamol.

Dose: 500–1000 mg every 6 hours

  • Ibuprofen (NSAID, Anti-inflammatory)

Tablet 1. Clofenac SR 100MG (Sustained Released) (AS A Diclofenac Sodium AS A Drugs for Osteoarthritis, Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)).

Dose: 400–600 mg every 8 hours

  • Diclofenac (Potent NSAID)

Dose: 50 mg twice daily

 Antifungals (For Fungal Infections of  Throat, )

  • Fluconazole (Oral Antifungal for Severe Fungal Infections)

Capsule 1.Fluconazole 150 mg AS A Fluconazole AS A Drugs for subcutaneous and mycoses

Dose: 150 mg once daily

6. Antivirals (For Viral ENT Infections)

  • Acyclovir (For Herpes Simplex or Varicella-Zoster Virus in ENT)

Dose: 400 mg 5 times daily

Tablet 1.Virux 400 mg (AS A Acyclovir Herpes simplex & Varicella-zoster virus infections).

Common Surgeries in Otolaryngology Throat:-

1. Tonsillectomy:

Indication: Recurrent tonsillitis, sleep apnea, peritonsillar abscess.

Procedure: Removal of the tonsils, usually via dissection or electrocautery.

2. Laryngectomy:

Indication: Laryngeal cancer, severe trauma, or stenosis.

3. Parotidectomy:

Indication: Parotid gland tumors (benign or malignant), chronic infection.

Procedure: Removal of part or all of the parotid gland, usually with careful preservation of the facial nerve.

4. Thyroidectomy:

Indication: Thyroid cancer, benign thyroid disease (e.g., goiter, multinodular goiter).

Procedure: Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland.

5. Tracheostomy:

Indication: Airway obstruction, long-term ventilation, trauma, or neuromuscular diseases.

Procedure: Surgical creation of an opening in the trachea to provide an airway.

6. Bronchoscopy:

Indication: Foreign body aspiration, airway assessment in diseases like cancer, tuberculosis.

Procedure: Insertion of a flexible scope through the airway to visualize and potentially remove foreign bodies or perform biopsy.

Raiyyan Tahsan Date:05-02-2025 Wednesday Time:-1-47-45 Pm

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