Antibiotic Case No.02 Antimicrobial Drugs.

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Antibiotic Case No.02 Antimicrobial Drugs.

𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙞𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙗𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙧𝙪𝙜𝙨 কে Mode of Action এর উপর ভিত্তি করে আমরা ২ ভাগে ভাগ করতে পারি!!

𝘽𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 & 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐥

𝘽𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘

সহজ কথায় Bactriostatic ড্রাগ গুলো Microbial Growth কে Inhibit করে দেয়…মোটামুটি সব Protien synthesis inhibitors গুলোই Bacteriostatic**(Except- 𝘈𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘰𝘨𝘭𝘺𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘴).

Ex:-

• Chloramphenicol

Tablet 1:-Chlorphen 250 mg (As a Chloramphenicol As a Macrolides).

Indications of Tablet :-Chlorphen 250 mg (As a Chloramphenicol As a Macrolides).

Chlorphen is an antibiotic that is clinically useful for, and should be reserved for, serious infections caused by organisms susceptible to its antimicrobial effects when less potentially hazardous therapeutic agents are ineffective or contraindicated. However, Chlorphen may be chosen to initiate antibiotic therapy on the clinical impression that one of the conditions below is believed to be present. In vitro sensitivity tests should be performed concurrently so that the drug may be discontinued as soon as possible if less potentially dangerous agents are indicated by such tests. The decision to continue use of Chlorphen, rather than another antibiotic when both are suggested by in vitro studies to be effective against a specific pathogen, should be based upon severity of the infection, susceptibility of the pathogen to the various antimicrobial drugs, and the efficacy of the various drugs in the infection.

• Clindamycin

Tablet 1:-Climycin 300mg (As a Clindamycin As a Macrolides).

Indications of Tablet :-Climycin 300mg (As a Clindamycin As a Macrolides).

Climycin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria or susceptible strains of gram positive bacteria such as Streptococci, Staphylococci and Pneumococci; Upper respiratory infections, Lower respiratory infections, Skin and soft tissue infections, Bone and joint infections, Pelvic infections, Intra-abdominal infections, Septicemia and endocarditis, Dental infections. As an alternative therapy when used in combination with quinine or amodiaquine for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciporum infection.

• Macrolides

Tablet 1.Macrozith 500mg (AS A Azithromycin Dihydrate AS A Macrolides).

Indications of Tablet:-Macrozith 500mg (AS A Azithromycin Dihydrate AS A Macrolides).

Macrozith is indicated for infections (caused by susceptible organisms) in lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis and pneumonia, in upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis and pharyngitis/tonsillitis, in otitis media, and in skin and soft tissue infections. In sexually transmitted diseases in men and women, Macrozith is indicated in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis.

• Tetracyclines

Capsule 1:-Tetrax 500 mg (AS A Tetracycline Hydrochloride Tetracycline group of drugs).

Indications of Capsule :-Tetrax 500 mg (AS A Tetracycline Hydrochloride Tetracycline group of drugs):-

Tetrax is the drug of choice in the following infections :

Ricketsial infection (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, endemic and scrub typhus fever and human ehrlichiosis).
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in adults. Outbreaks of pneumonia caused by this organism are common in barracks and institutions. Most cases occur in children and young adults. Maculopapular rashes, haemolytic anaemia and meningo-encephalitis occur rarely.
Chlamydial Infections: Chlamydia psittaci: This organism is the cause of psittacosis (ornithosis), a systemic illness contracted from infected birds. The pneumonia associated with it may be extensive, and severe systemic upset and death are common.Headache is a prominent early symptom.
Non-gonococcal or non specific urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra not resulting from gonococcal, chlamydial, or other specific infectious agents.
Lyme disease
Brucellosis
Miscellaneous infections, including granuloma inguinale, cholera, glanders, relapsing fever and V. vulnifians.

Other common uses of tetracycline include the following:

Urinary Tract Infections with susceptible organisms (including the acute urethral syndrome in women).
Bronchitis in patients with known underlying chronic lung diseases.
Pelvic inflammatory disease and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) regimen.
Travelers diarrhoea.
Acne vulgaris
Prostatitis.
As an alternative agent in the penicillin allergic patient with syphilis.
Anaerobic infections with susceptible organisms.

• Ethambutol

Tablet 1:-Sural 400 mg (AS A Ethambutol Anti-Tubercular Chemotherapeutics).

Indications of Tablet :-Sural 400 mg (AS A Ethambutol Anti-Tubercular Chemotherapeutics):-

Sural is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It should not be used as the sole antituberculous drug, but should be used in conjunction with at least one other antituberculous drug. Selection of the companion drug should be based on clinical experience, considerations of comparative safety, and appropriate in vitro susceptibility studies. In patients who have not received previous antituberculous therapy, ie, initial treatment, the most frequently used regimens have been the following:

Sural plus isoniazid
Sural plus isoniazid plus streptomycin.

In patients who have received previous antituberculous therapy, mycobacterial resistance to other drugs used in initial therapy is frequent. Consequently, in such retreatment patients, Sural should be combined with at least one of the second line drugs not previously administered to the patient and to which bacterial susceptibility has been indicated by appropriate in vitro studies. Antituberculous drugs used with Sural have included cycloserine, ethionamide, pyrazinamide, viomycin and other drugs. Isoniazid, aminosalicylic acid, and streptomycin have also been used in multiple drug regimens. Alternating drug regimens have also been utilized.

• Nitrofurantoin

Capsule 1:Umactin 100mg (AS A Nitrofurantoin AS A Systemic Urinary Anti- infective).

Indications of Capsule :-Umactin 100mg (AS A Nitrofurantoin AS A Systemic Urinary Anti- infective):-

Umactin is specifically indicated for the treatment & prophylaxis of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species.

• Novobiocin/NULL

• Oxazolidinones

Tablet 1:-Tezo 200mg (AS A Tedizolid phosphate AS A oxazolidinone-class antibacterial AS A Other antibiotic).

Indications of Tablet :-Tezo 200mg (AS A Tedizolid phosphate AS A oxazolidinone-class antibacterial AS A Other antibiotic):-

Tezo is an oxazolidinone-class antibacterial drug indicated in adults for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by designated susceptible bacteria.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tezo and other antibacterial drugs, Tezo should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria

• Sulfonamides

Tablet 1:-Cotrim Ds (800mg+160mg) (AS A (Sulphamethoxazole +Trimethoprim ) AS A Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs, Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim).

Indications of Tablet :-Cotrim Ds (800mg+160mg) (AS A (Sulphamethoxazole +Trimethoprim ) AS A Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs, Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim).

Cotrimoxazole is bactericidal in vitro to a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus, Neisseria, B. catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus spp., Haemophilus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Brucella, Pneumocystis carinii, Nocardia and Bordetella. A particularly high degree of activity is exhibited against Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli and Proteus spp., making Cotrimoxazole particularly suitable for the treatment of chronic bronchitis and urinary tract infections. Cotrimoxazole exerts its bactericidal action by the sequential blockade of two bacterial enzyme systems in the biosynthesis of Folinic acid in the micro-organisms. The synergy thus produced accounts for the high degree of bactericidal activity.

Indications are :

Respiratory tract infections, including acute and chronic bronchitis (treatment and prophylaxis), bronchiectasis, lung abscess, lobar and broncho-pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
Genito-urinary tract infections, including urethritis, acute and chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis and gonorrhoea.
Gastro-intestinal tract infections, caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, including the chronic carrier state.
Other infections, caused by a wide range of organisms confirmed to be susceptible to Cotrimoxazole and where the therapeutic benefits are considered to outweigh the possible occurrence of adverse events.
Such infections include acute and chronic osteomyelitis, acute brucellosis, skin infections including pyoderma, abscesses and wound infections, septicaemia, bacillary dysentery and cholera (as an adjuvant to fluid and electrolyte replacement), nocardiosis and mycetoma.

• Tigecycline

IV Infusion 1.Tegalon 50mg/vial( As a Tigecycline Tetracycline group of drugs).

Indications of IV Infusion .Tegalon 50mg/vial( As a Tigecycline Tetracycline group of drugs):-

Tegalon IV Infusion is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:

Complicated Skin and Skin structure Infections: Complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only), Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus grp. (includes S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus), Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacteroides fragilis.

Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections: Complicated intra-abdominal infections caused by Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only), Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates), Streptococcus anginosus grp. (includes S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus), Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens, and Peptostreptococcus micros.

Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia: Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible isolates), including cases with concurrent bacteremia, Haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase negative isolates), and Legionella pneumophila.

• Trimethoprim.

Tablet 1.Regtin DS (800mg+160mg).AS A (AS A (Sulphamethoxazole +Trimethoprim ) AS A Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs, Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim).

Indications of Tablet .Regtin DS (800mg+160mg).AS A (AS A (Sulphamethoxazole +Trimethoprim ) AS A Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs, Sulphonamides & Trimethoprim).

Respiratory tract infections, including acute and chronic bronchitis (treatment and prophylaxis), bronchiectasis, lung abscess, lobar and broncho-pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
Genito-urinary tract infections, including urethritis, acute and chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis and gonorrhoea.
Gastro-intestinal tract infections, caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, including the chronic carrier state.
Other infections, caused by a wide range of organisms confirmed to be susceptible to Cotrimoxazole and where the therapeutic benefits are considered to outweigh the possible occurrence of adverse events.
Such infections include acute and chronic osteomyelitis, acute brucellosis, skin infections including pyoderma, abscesses and wound infections, septicaemia, bacillary dysentery and cholera (as an adjuvant to fluid and electrolyte replacement), nocardiosis and mycetoma.

𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐥

যে ড্রাগ গুলো Microbials কে মেরে ফেলতে পারে তাদের Bacericidal ড্রাগ বলা হয়…ইন জেনারেল 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 & ᴀɴᴛɪ ᴛʙ ড্রাগ ( Except- Ethambutol)

Ex:-

•B-Lactum Antibiotics(Penicillin & Cephalosporin)

• Vancomycin

Capsule 1:-Vanogut 250mg (Vancomycin Hydrochloride Other antibiotic).

Indications of Capsule :-Vanogut 250mg (Vancomycin Hydrochloride Other antibiotic).

Vanogut is indicated in potentially life-threatening infections which cannot be treated with other effective, less toxic antimicrobial drugs including the penicillins and cephalosporins.

Vanogut is useful in the therapy of severe staphylococcal infections in patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to the penicillins and cephalosporins or who have infections with staphylococci, resistant to other antibiotics.

Vanogut is used in the treatment of endocarditis and as prophylaxis against endocarditis in patients undergoing dental or surgical procedures.

Its effectiveness has been documented in other infections due to staphylococci including osteomyelitis, pneumonia, septicemia and soft tissue infections.

• Aminoglycosides

Injection 1:-Amikin IM/IV 100MG/2ML (AS A 2ml Ampoule AS A Amikacin AS A Aminoglycosides).

Indications of Injection :-Amikin IM/IV 100MG/2ML (AS A 2ml Ampoule AS A Amikacin AS A Aminoglycosides):-

Amikin is indicated in the short-term treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Amikin is effective in bacterial septicemia (including neonatal sepsis); in serious infections of the respiratory tract, bones and joints, central nervous system (including meningitis) and skin and soft tissue; intra-abdominal infections (including peritonitis); and in burns and postoperative infections (including postvascular surgery). Clinical studies have shown Amikin also to be effective in serious complicated and recurrent urinary tract infections due to those organisms.

Amikin was effective in infections caused by gentamicin and/or tobramycin-resistant strains of Gram-negative organisms, particularly Proteus rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Amikin has also been shown to be effective in staphylococci infections and may be considered as initial therapy under certain conditions in the treatment of known or suspected staphylococcal disease such as, severe infections where the causative organism may be either a Gram-negative bacterium or a staphylococcus.

• Quinilones

Tablet 1:-Beuflox 750 mg (AS A Ciprofloxacin AS A 4-Quinolone preparations, Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs).

Indications of Tablet :-Beuflox 750 mg (AS A Ciprofloxacin AS A 4-Quinolone preparations, Anti-diarrhoeal Antimicrobial drugs).

Beuflox is indicated for the treatment of single infection or mixed infections caused by two or more susceptible organisms. It can also be used for infections caused by organisms resistant to other antibiotics including Aminoglycosides, Penicillins and Cephalosporins.

As antibacterial concentrations of Beuflox are obtained in serum and body tissues as well as in the urine following administration by mouth, Beuflox has been suggested for use in the treatment of a wide range of infections caused by susceptible organisms including infections of the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, gonorrhoea and septicaemia. The extensive tissue penetration of Beuflox combined with its enhanced antibacterial activity (including antipseudomonal activity), enables Beuflox to be used alone (pending sensitivity results) or in combination with an Aminoglycoside or with beta lactam antibiotics for instance when severe neutropenia is present or with an antibiotic active against anaerobes where the presence of bacteroides fragilis is suspected. Beuflox is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by sensitive bacteria:

Severe systemic infections: e.g. septicaemia, bacteraemia, peritionitis, infections in immunosuppressed patients with haematological or solid tumors and in patients in intensive care unit with specific problems such as infected burns.
Respiratory tract infections: Lobar and bronchopneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, acute exacerbation of cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, empyema.
Urinary tract infections: Uncomplicated and complicated urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, epididymitis.
Skin and soft tissue infections: e.g. infected ulcers, wound infections, abscesses, cellulitis, otitis externa, erysipelas, infected burns.
Gastro-intestinal infections: e.g. enteric fever, infective diarrhea.
Infection of the biliary tract: e.g. cholangitis, cholecystitis, empyema of the gall bladder.
Intra abdominal infections: e.g. peritonitis, intra abdominal abscesses.
Bone and joint infection: Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis.
Pelvic infections: e.g. salpingitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Eye, ear, nose and throat infections: e.g. otitis media, sinusitis, mastoiditis, tonsillitis.
Gonorrhoea: Including urethral, rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea caused by beta-lactamase producing organisms or organisms moderately sensitive to penicillin.

• Meropenem

Injection/Infusion 1.Meroject 500mg/vial (AS A Meropenem Trihydrate Other beta-lactam Antibiotics).

Indications of Injection/Infusion .Meroject 500mg/vial (AS A Meropenem Trihydrate Other beta-lactam Antibiotics).

Meroject injection is indicated for treatment in adults and children for the following infections caused by single or multiple bacteria sensitive to Meroject.

Pneumonia and Nosocomial Pneumonia
Urinary Tract Infections
Intra-abdominal Infections
Gynaecological Infections, such as endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease
Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Meningitis
Septicaemia
Pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis
Empiric treatment for presumed infections in patients with febrile neutropenia.

Pharmacology Injection/Infusion 1.Meroject 500mg/vial (AS A Meropenem Trihydrate Other beta-lactam Antibiotics):-

Meropenem is a carbapenem antibiotic for parenteral use . It exerts its bactericidal action by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It penetrates bacterial cell walls, its high level of stability to all serine beta-lactamases and its marked affinity for the Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs.). It shows potent bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

• Metronidazole

Tablet 1:-Amodis 400 mg (AS A Metronidazole AS A Amoebicides, Anti-diarrhoeal Antiprotozoal).

Indications of Tablet :-Amodis 400 mg (AS A Metronidazole AS A Amoebicides, Anti-diarrhoeal Antiprotozoal).

Amodis is indicated in the treatment of following diseases:

The prevention of post-operative infections due to anaerobic bacteria (particularly species of bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci).
The treatment of septicaemia, bacteraemia, peritonitis, brain abscess, pelvic abscess, pelvic cellulitis and post-operative wound infections caused by anaerobes.
In the treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis.
Bacterial vaginosis (also known as non-specific vaginitis).
All forms of amoebiasis (intestinal, extra-intestinal disease and that of symptomless cyst passers).
Giardiasis.
Acute ulcerative gingivitis.
Anaerobically infected leg ulcers and pressure sores.
Acute dental infections due to anaerobic organisms.
Antibiotic associated pseudomembranus colitis.

• Daptomycin

• Isoniazid

Tablet 1:-Rimactazid ((450 mg+300mg) (AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid) AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations.).

Indications of Tablet :-Rimactazid ((450 mg+300mg) (AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid) AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations.).

Rifampicin and Isoniazid belongs to a group of medicines called antituberculosis agents. It is a fixed combination of two very effective antituberculosis agents which stop the growth of mycobacteria. These mycobacteria cause tuberculosis. Rifampicin and Isoniazid is used for the continuation phase treatment of tuberculosis.

Pharmacology of Tablet :-Rimactazid ((450 mg+300mg) (AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid) AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations.).

Rifampicin and isoniazid are active bactericidal anti-TB drugs which are particularly active against the rapidly growing extracellular organisms and also have bactericidal activity intracellularly. Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in susceptible cells. Specifically, it interacts with bacterial RNA polymerase but does not inhibit the mammalian enzyme. Cross-resistance to rifampicin has only been shown with other rifamycins. It has activity against slow-and intermittently-growing M. tuberculosis. Isoniazid acts against actively growing tubercle bacilli.

• Rifampicin

Tablet 1.Rifcin 150 mg (AS A Rifampicin AS A Anti-Tubercular Antibiotics).

Indications of Tablet .Rifcin 150 mg (AS A Rifampicin AS A Anti-Tubercular Antibiotics).

In the treatment of both tuberculosis and the meningococcal carrier state, the small number of resistant cells present within large populations of susceptible cells can rapidly become the predominant type. Bacteriologic cultures should be obtained before the start of therapy to confirm the susceptibility of the organism to rifampinand they should be repeated throughout therapy to monitor the response to treatment. Since resistance can emerge rapidly, susceptibility tests should be performed in the event of persistent positive cultures during the course of treatment. If test results show resistance to rifampin and the patient is not responding to therapy, the drug regimen should be modified.

Pharmacology of Tablet .Rifcin 150 mg (AS A Rifampicin AS A Anti-Tubercular Antibiotics).

Rifampicin suppresses initiation of chain formation for RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the β subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thus blocking RNA transcription.

• Pyrazinamide

Tablet 1:-Rimstar 4-FDC (150mg+75mg+400mg+275mg)( AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid + Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol).(AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations).

Indications of Tablet :-Rimstar 4-FDC (150mg+75mg+400mg+275mg)( AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid + Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol).(AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations).

Treatment of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the intensive initial phase of treatment.

Pharmacology Tablet :-Rimstar 4-FDC (150mg+75mg+400mg+275mg)( AS A Rifampicin+ Isoniazid + Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol).(AS A Combined anti- Tubercular Preparations).

Rifampicin: It is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin, suppresses bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to the β-subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thus inhibiting the attachment of the enzyme to DNA, blocking RNA transcription and elongation. It does not inhibit the counterpart mammalian enzyme.
Rifampicin has a bactericidal action and a potent sterilizing effect against both intracellular and extracellular tubercle bacilli. Cross-resistance has been shown only with other rifamycin derivatives.

Isoniazid: It kills actively growing tubercle bacilli by inhibiting the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, which are the major components of the bacterial cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pyrazinamide: Pyrazinamide, an antituberculous drug, is the pyrazine analog of nicotinamide. The precise mechanism of action of pyrazinamide is not known. Its metabolite, pyrazinoic acid, which is less active in vitro may possibly be involved in the in vivo activity of pyrazinamide.

Ethambutol: Ethambutol diffuses slowly into actively growing Mycobacteria cells eg, tubercle bacilli. It inhibits the synthesis of 1 or more metabolites, thus causing impaired cell metabolism, arrest cell multiplication and induce cell death. No cross-resistance with other agents has been demonstrated.

Spectrum of Activity: Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, at therapeutic levels, have demonstrated bactericidal activity against both intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organism.

• Bacitracin

Ointment 1:-Nebanol (5mg+500IU) (AS A Neomycin Sulfate +Bacitracin Zinc)( AS A Ophthalmic and Topical antibacterial products).

Indications of Ointment :-Nebanol (5mg+500IU) (AS A Neomycin Sulfate +Bacitracin Zinc)( AS A Ophthalmic and Topical antibacterial products).

Nebanol is indicated in the treatment of topical bacterial infections. This is particularly effective in atopic, contact stasis and infections, eczematoid dermatitis, neurodermatitis, eczema, anogenital pruritus. It may also be useful as an adjunct in certain pyodermas, such as impetigo, during specific systemic antibiotic therapy for these infections.

Pharmacology of Ointment :-Nebanol (5mg+500IU) (AS A Neomycin Sulfate +Bacitracin Zinc)( AS A Ophthalmic and Topical antibacterial products).

Bacitracin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is active against many gram-positive bacteria (e.g. staphylococci, streptococci, corynebacteria and Clostridia) and some gram-negative species (e.g. Neisseria and Haemophilus influenzae). They are often found in combinations in topical preparations as broad spectrum antibacterial agents.

Neomycin, an aminoglyoside with antimicrobial spectrum similar to gentamicin, binds to the 30S subunits of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and thereby disrupting DNA synthesis. It is active against many gram negative aerobes and against some strains of staphylococci.

• Ketolides

Shampoo 1:-Dancel 2% (Ketoconazole AS A Drugs for subcutaneous and mycoses).

Medicated Bar Soap 2:-Dermazole Bar 2% (Ketoconazole AS A Drugs for subcutaneous and mycoses).

Tablet 3:-Ketocon 200mg (AS A Ketoconazole AS A Drugs for subcutaneous and mycoses).

Cream 4.Ketocon 2% 15 gm tube (AS A Ketoconazole AS A Drugs for subcutaneous and mycoses).

Indications

Shampoo: Dancel shampoo is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of infections in which the yeast Malassezia (previously called Pityrosporum) is involved, such as pityriasis versicolor (localized), seborrhoeic dermatitis and pityriasis capitis (dandruff).

Cream: Cream is used for topical application in the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the skin such as tinea corporis, tinea cruris (dhobie itch), tinea manus and tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) infections due to Trichophyton spp, Microsporon spp and Epidermophyton spp. Dancel 2% cream is also indicated for the treatment of cutaneous candidosis (including vulvitis), candidal intertrigo (sweat rash), tinea (pityriasis) versicolor and seborrhoeic dermatitis caused by Malassezia (previously called Pityrosporum) spp.

Tablet: Treatment of superficial and deep mycoses:

Infections of the skin, hair and nails by dermatophytes and/or yeasts (dermatomycosis, onychomycosis, perionyxis, pityriasis versicolor, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis etc.) especially when topical treatment is difficult or not very effective, owing to involvement of large skin surfaces or to lesions affecting deeper dermal layers, nails and hairs
Yeast infection of the mouth (oral thrush, perleche) and the gastrointestinal tract
Vaginal candidiasis, especially chronic recurrent cases or cases responding poorly to topcial treatment
Systemic mycotic infections such as systemic candidiasis, paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis etc.

Maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence in systemic mycotic infections and in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

Prophylactic treatment to prevent mycotic infection in patients with reduced host defenses, e.g., patients with cancer, organ transplant and burns.

Medicated bar: Medicated bar is indicated for All Kinds of Body Fungus.

Pharmacology

Ketoconazole interacts with 14-α-sterol demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability due to reduced amounts of ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane. This metabolic inhibition also results in accumulation of 14α-methyl-3,6-diol, a toxic metabolite. The increase in membrane fluidity is also thought to produce impairment of membrane-bound enzyme systems as components become less closely packed.

Polymyxins.

Injection :-Polymyxin-B 5lac Unit (AS A Polymyxin B Sulfate Other antibacterial preparation)

Indications of Injection :-Polymyxin-B 5lac Unit (AS A Polymyxin B Sulfate Other antibacterial preparation):-

Acute infections caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Polymyxin B B is a drug of choice in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, meninges, and bloodstream caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

It may be indicated in serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the following organisms, when less potentially toxic drugs are ineffective or contraindicated:

H. influenzae: Specifically meningeal infections
Escherichia coli: Specifically urinary tract infections
Aerobacter aerogenes: Specifically bacteremia
Klebsiella pneumoniae: Specifically bacteremia

Description of Injection :-Polymyxin-B 5lac Unit (AS A Polymyxin B Sulfate Other antibacterial preparation)

Polymyxin B B is the Sulfate salt of Polymyxin Bs B1 & B2, which are produced by the growth of Bacillus polymyxa. Polymyxin B B has a bactericidal action against almost all Gram negative bacilli. Polymyxin Bs increase the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane leading to death of the cell.

•Streptogramins/NULL

কিছু এজেন্ট যেগুলিকে ব্যাকটেরিওস্ট্যাটিক বলে মনে করা হয় তারা Bactericidal ও হতে পারে…যেমন Chloramphenicol-ব্যাকটেরিওস্ট্যাটিক For গ্রাম নেগেটিভ Rods কিন্তু Bactericidal অনান্য অরগানিজম এর জন্য like–S pneumonae*H. Influengae*

অন্যদিকে Enterococci are inhibited but not killed by vanco-mycin, penicillin, or ampicillin used as single agents.

ব্যাকটিরিওস্ট্যাটিক এবং Bactericidal এজেন্টগুলি ইমিউনোকম্পিটেন্ট হোস্টের বেশিরভাগ সংক্রামক রোগের Treatment এর জন্য Equivalents

ব্যাকটেরিসাইডাল এজেন্টগুলিকে ব্যাকটেরিওস্ট্যাটিকগুলির তুলনায় সেখানে নির্বাচন করা উচিত ,,যেখানে Local বা Systemic হোস্টের প্রতিরক্ষা দুর্বল হয়

Endocarditis ,এন্ডোভাসকুলার infection ,,মেনিনজাইটিস এবং নিউট্রোপেনিক ক্যান্সার রোগীদের সংক্রমণের জন্য Bactericidal এজেন্ট প্রয়োজন।

Raiyyan Tahsan Date:-28-12-2024 Saturday Time:4-31-33pm

Raiyyan Tahsan

Raiyyan Tahsan